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Por: Sausan Burshan
La Propuesta Educativa de Reggio Emilia, desarrollada en los escuelas municipales de la cuidad de Reggio Emilia en Italia, ha sido una fuente de inspiración pedagógica, cultural y política a nivel mundial desde los años ‘80s. Pero¿Qué es lo que hace a esta propuesta tan atractiva? Para nosotros en Ágora, Comunidad Educativa, la Propuesta Educativa de Reggio Emilia tiene cuatro ideas claves que fundamentan nuestro filosofía y pedagogía:
Rol de la escuela en la sociedad
La experiencia de las escuela de Reggio Emilia nace después de la segunda guerra mundial, cuando ciudadanos se unieron con el deseo de crear un mundo nuevo, más justo y libre de opresión, donde sus voces fueran escuchadas y respetadas. Entendieron que la sociedad se construye entre las personas que participan activamente en ella y que la escuela juega un rol importante en este proceso, ya que es uno de los primeros lugares donde los niños se encuentran con la sociedad y empiezan a tener un rol activo en ella. Por esta razón las familias en Reggio Emilia inician la reconstrucción de su sociedad con la construcción de una escuela que, como describió Loris Malaguzzi (director de escuelas municipales de 1963 a 1994) , “… debía ser una escuela diferente para educar a los niños de diversas maneras”. Actualmente, las escuelas forman una parte integro de la identidad de la cuidad y son participantes activos en la construcción de una cuidad prospera, inclusiva y sostenible.
La imagen del niño
Cada sociedad crea su propia imagen del niño, la expectativa, cuando ven un niño. Esta imagen es el factor principal que determina los valores que la sociedad pone en el niño y en su rol en la sociedad, así como en la definición de sus derechos. Desde sus inicios, en las escuelas de Reggio Emilia, la imagen del niño fue de un ser capaz, rico en potenciales, poseedor de derechos. Loris Malaguzzi en una entrevista para el libro “Los cien lenguajes de los niños” nos explica “… si los niños tienen verdaderos derechos, entonces deben de tener las oportunidades para desarrollar sus inteligencias y poder estar listos para el éxito que no debía escapárseles”. Esta imagen del niños se ha sostenido por más de 50 años en Reggio Emilia, por lo cual la cuidad ha invertido un porcentaje significativo de su presupuesto en la educación inicial y preescolar, aún durante la crisis económica, social y política.
La complejidad de conocimiento
La imagen del niño se convirtió en la base sobre la cual, se definió la misión de la educación. En 1961 Bruno Ciari, un colaborador de Loris Malaguzzi, lo definió diciendo “la educación debe liberar la energía y las capacidades de la infancia, así como promover el desarrollo armónico de los niños, en todas las áreas – comunicativa, social, afectiva, y con respeto al pensamiento critico y científico.” Con base a esto, se desarrollo una propuesta educativa que se puede definir como construccionista-social y progresista, tomando pautas de un gran variedad de teóricos y filósofos en el campo educativo así como de otros ámbitos como: Piaget, Vygotsky, Munari, Dewey. Sin embargo, no fueron exclusivos ni terminantes, los pedagogos de Reggio Emilia tomaron las ideas que reflejaron su imagen del niño y las enlazaron en su propia propuesta educativa, que constantemente es alimentada por nuevas corrientes e investigaciones alrededor del mundo y las practicas docentes de las mismas escuelas.
Relación entre la teoría y practica
La convicción de que la practica en las escuelas municipales debe ser constantemente alimentada por nuevas teorías y que la practica debe complementar la teoría, forma un cambio importante en el rol del docente. Tiziana Filippini y Claudia Guidici nos explican este espiral diciendo “Aprender a escuchar, ver, observar e interpretar las acciones, los pensamientos, y la lógica de la investigación y la construcción de los niños, nos ayuda a comprender el arte de estar y hablar con ellos, para entender mejor los procesos y procedimientos que eligen para desarrollar las relaciones personales y adquirir el conocimiento. Así, la responsabilidad de los educadores deberá ser la de diseñar y construir los contextos que respalden a estos procesos y fomenten las relaciones, competencias, expectativas y la imitación.” Esto entonces requiere un maestro profesional, culto y curioso.
La Propuesta Educativa de Reggio Emilia nos inspira por la convicción de que la escuela debe de aspirar a ser un lugar donde los niños, padres y maestros participen en la formación de una sociedad democrática, justa, segura y próspera. Nos inspira por las conexiones que se perciben entre el rol de la escuela y la imagen del niño como un ser fuerte, capaz y lleno de potenciales. Nos inspira a crear relaciones y escuchar a los niños para entender sus procesos de aprendizaje y poder acompañarlos en esos procesos.
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