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Por Sausan Burshan.
¿Hijo que hiciste hoy en la escuela?
¡Jugué mucho!
¡Jugué con mis amigos!
¿Qué jugaste?
¡Con coches!
¡A la tiendita!
¡Cartas!
Estas conversaciones, se repiten muy seguido en el regreso de nuestros alumnos a la casa, causando en nuestras familias alegría, pero también dudas: ¿Y entonces, estarán aprendiendo los niños? ¿Será cierta la frase que se ha vuelto emblemático en los últimos años “los niños aprenden a través del juego”?
En Ágora entendemos que el juego es la estrategia principal que los niños usan para relacionarse entre ellos y con el mundo que les rodea. Sin embargo, para entender el rol que puede tener el juego en los procesos de aprendizaje debemos hacer otras preguntas, algunas son: ¿Por qué los juegos promueven el aprendizaje? ¿Qué tipos de juegos fomentan el aprendizaje? ¿Cuál es el rol de maestro en estos juegos?
“Proponemos considerar que tanto el juego y el aprendizaje tiene las mismas estructuras epistemológicas. Y entonces, pensamos que las características del juego deben de dar forma a los contextos de aprendizaje.” Paola Caglieri (sesión de capacitación de Teacher Educators in the Reggio Emilia Approach, Enero 2022)
Cuando pensamos en las características que los juegos tienen, la primera idea que nos surge es que sean divertidos, que genere en los participantes un sentido de placer. La percepción de placer genera disposición y apertura por acceder al juego, lo que lo vuelve una característica importante. Sin embargo, el placer no es suficiente para volver la experiencia un ambiente de aprendizaje, ya que se puede sentir en diversas situaciones y de varias formas.
Otra característica clave que debe de existir en los juegos para convertirse en contextos de aprendizaje, es la posibilidad de usar la imaginación, la experimentación o de hacer hipótesis; lo cual promueve el desarrollo del pensamiento abstracto, la proyección, la solución de problemas, y la construcción de estrategias de trabajo. Esto nos lleva a reconocer otra característica clave que es la ausencia de guiones, procedimientos o estrategias predeterminados, y por ende la presencia de un abanico de opcionescon la libertad de escoger entre ellos; lo cual fomenta el pensamiento creativo, flexible y divergente. Todo esto nos lleva a concluir con otra característica que pone el enfoque en el proceso como el producto principal.
Existen una gran variedad de tipos de juegos: juegos de mesa, juegos dramáticos, juegos de movimiento, juegos de construcción, juegos de hallazgo; entre otros. Cada uno tiene el potencial de ser un contexto de aprendizaje, donde los alumnos pueden construir conceptos, habilidades y conocimientos transdisciplinarios y transversales.
El maestro tiene el rol central de garantizar que los juegos se conviertan en contextos de aprendizaje a través de las decisiones acerca de los juegos que se ofrecen, los materiales a usar, así como los parámetros generales. Deben buscar invitar a los alumnos a participar en los juegos, en la cotidianidad de la escuela que reten sus saberes y que fomenten en ellos la construcción de nuevos y más complejos pensamientos, ideas y estrategias.
Entonces, en Ágora podemos decir que nuestros alumnos juegan mucho y que mientras juegan están siendo participes de experiencias, de grandes aprendizajes. Y son Juegos divertidos que tienen las características de contexto de aprendizaje.
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