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Por Sausan Burshan
Con la definición del Ágora, el trabajo en proyectos tiene varias ventajas significativas como:
Fomentar la construcción de competencias transversales. Si tomamos el ejemplo de los niños que están investigando sobre insectos: los niños a través de un proceso de diálogo y negociación donde comparten sus conocimientos y preguntas sobre el tema y ponerse acuerdo entre ellos y con la maestra para predecir dónde quieren llegar (una muestra o un video o una escultura, etc.) y cómo pueden llegar. Ellos entienden que para lograr su finalidad van a tener que investigar, crear hipótesis, hacer pruebas, y resolver problemas. Estas competencias transversales que se desarrollan a través de trabajo en proyectos son competencias críticas para el éxito de los niños como ciudadanos.
Fomenta el aprendizaje interdisciplinario. Cuando los niños trabajan el proyecto, ponen en juego un abanico de competencias de diferentes disciplinas para realizar todos los pasos requeridos para alcanzar su finalidad. El mismo proceso promueve la construcción de aprendizajes de varias disciplinas consecutivamente porque el docente invita a los niños a analizar los temas a través de diferentes ópticas incluyendo las emocionales y sociales. Esto da como resultado un entendimiento más complejo de los temas y fomenta el pensamiento divergente y creativo de los niños.
Siguiendo con la investigación sobre los insectos del artículo anterior, van a tener que poner en práctica sus competencias de lectura de compresión, de observación científica, crear y analizar tablas de estadísticas, conocer la geografía del contexto, entre otros. Y según la finalidad tendrán que ampliar los mismos conocimientos y desarrollar la competencia de extraer información y crear diferentes tipos de textos, dar discursos, crear y editar videos, analizar impactos ecológicos y mucho más.
Fomenta una variedad de maneras y niveles de aprender. Cada niño tiene su propia manera de aprender y estar en diferentes procesos de aprendizaje. Cuando se ofrece a los niños una variedad de formas de analizar algún tema y la dinámica no tiene barreras que impidan la participación de todos los niños, la probabilidad de poder relacionarse con el tema y construir aprendizajes aumenta.
Retomando el ejemplo de los insectos, si tenemos niños con diferentes niveles de lectura y comprensión, hemos buscado varias fuentes de información, los niños pueden escoger cuales desean leer. Si algunos niños tienen talentos en matemáticas pueden compartir este gusto con los demás guiando el proceso de análisis de datos, si otros aprenden a través de medios plásticos los podemos invitar hacer esculturas de los insectos.
Fomenta el gozo por aprender y logra crear un aprendizaje más significativo. Cuando los niños sienten que tienen voz y voto sobre los procesos que están viviendo y son parte integral de la dinámica en el trabajo en proyectos, se sienten más comprometidos y disfrutan más los procesos. Los aprendizajes que construyen como resultado del proyecto tienen sentido para ellos ya que pueden entender la utilidad del aprendizaje y por ende el aprendizaje es más significativo.
En el ejemplo sobre los insectos, si imaginamos que la finalidad era crear un museo sobre insectos, podemos ver que cada niño se va a apropiar de la investigación y a la hora de trabajar o compartir los procesos con sus compañeros o con sus padres lo van hacer con mayor nivel de compresión y gusto particular.
Para Ágora, implementar el trabajo en proyectos como estrategia pedagógica, bajo la visión construccionista social, implica el valor de trabajar en equipo como potencial central en la construcción de aprendizajes diversos y creativos en los niños. Y finalmente como padres, estar conscientes de estas ventajas, nos permite analizar qué tipo de propuesta educativa resultará más conveniente para el desarrollo integral de nuestros hijos.
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